Kakki Reservoir

Kakki Reservoir

Kakki Reservoir is an artificial lake, located in Pathanamthitta district of Kerala, India. The lake, which was created when Kakki and Anathode dams were built, is on one of the tributaries of Pamba, the Kakki tributary. The dams were built in 1966 as part of the Sabarigiri Hydroelectric project. Full reservoir level (FRL) is 981.45 meters above sea level according to the operators of the "twin" reservoirs, the Kerala State Electricity Board. The reservoir, which is also a tourist spot, is nestled in the Pathanamthitta reserve forest, very close to the Western Ghats.




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Kakki Reservoir
Location	Pathanamthitta
Coordinates	9°10′N 77°09′E / 9.17°N 77.15°E / 9.17; 77.15
Opening date	1966
Dam and spillways
Height	116 m
Length	336 m
Impounds	Kakki tributary
Reservoir
Creates	Kakki
Capacity	0.46
Normal elevation	981 m

Idukki Dam

Idukki Dam

The Idukki Dam, located in Kerala, India, is a 555 foot tall arch dam. The dam stands between the two mountains - Kuravanmala (839)m and Kurathimala (925)m. It was constructed and is owned by the Kerala State Electricity Board.
It is built on the Periyar River, in the ravine between the Kuravan and Kurathi Hills in Kerala, India. At 167.68 metres, it is one of the highest arch dams in Asia. It started generating power on 4 October 1975. Technically, the dam type is a concrete double, curvature parabolic, thin arc dam.
This dam was constructed along with two other dams at Cheruthony and Kulamavu. Together, the three dams have created an artificial lake that is 60 km² in area. The stored water is used to produce electricity at the Moolamattom Power house, which is located inside nearby rocky caves. The Government of Canada aided in the building of the dam with long term loans and grants.




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Idukki Dam
Idukki arch dam on the Periyar
Official name	Idukki Dam
Location	Kerala, India
Coordinates	9°51′01″N 76°58′01″E / 9.85028°N 76.96694°E / 9.85028; 76.96694
Construction began	30 April 1969
Opening date	February 1973
Dam and spillways
Height	167.68
Impounds	Periyar River
Reservoir
Creates	Idukki reservoir
Capacity	2000 M m3
Catchment area	60 km2

Idamalayar Dam

Idamalayar Dam

The Idamalayar Dam is a multipurpose concrete gravity dam located at Ennakal, near Bhoothathankettu, on the Idamalayar River, a tributary of the Periyar River in Kerala, South India. Completed in 1985, with a length of 373 metres (1,224 ft), the dam created a multipurpose reservoir covering 28.3 km² (10.9 sq mi) in the scenic hills of the Western Ghats.
The reservoir storage is utilized by a hydroelectric power station which has an installed capacity of 75 MW with two units of 37.5 MW capacity, producing an annual energy output of 380 GW·h.
The large reservoir created by the Idamalayar Dam is operated by the Kerala State Electricity Board to augment its peak power generation requirements. The dam will benefit the Idamalayar Irrigation Development Project by diverting water released from the tail race channel of the Idamalayar power station.
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 Geography

The Idamalayar Dam is located on the Idamalayar River, a tributary of the Periyar River in Kerala. Idamalayar River originates in the Anaimalai Hills at elevation of 2,520 metres (8,270 ft). The river is a perennial source draining a catchment area of 381 km² (147 sq mi) with a topography of high relief. The catchment receives annual rainfall of 6,000 millimetres (240 in), 90% of which occurs during the monsoon months of June to September.
The dam is located 81 kilometres (50 mi) from Ernakulam in Ernakulam district and 10–12 kilometres (6.2–7.5 mi) from the Bhoothathankettu dam (literal meaning in Malayalam language: "monster dam") on the Periyar River, which takes its name from local myths attributing its construction to demons who built it with the intention of submerging Thrikkariyoor temple.

 Water resources

Based on detailed hydrological analysis, with observed data supplemented by rainfall-runoff correlation and prediction of low flows during dry months, the mean annual runoff was estimated as about 1,207 million cubic meters (million cubic metres) and that at 95% availability as 730 million cubic metres. Therefore, the live storage in the reservoir was fixed at 1,032.3 million cubic metres. However, subsequent to the commissioning of the project in 1987, availability of the flows was reassessed. It was noted that flows reduced to 1,178 million cubic metres in dry season and reached 4,361 million cubic metres during the monsoon. The total annual flow was assessed as 5,539 million cubic metres. As irrigation requirements are not critical during monsoon season the assessment of dry weather flows is relevant for irrigation.
Further, Idamalayar storage is being supplemented from diversion of flows from the Peringalkuthu Reservoir during the monsoon season through the Vachumaram diversion canal constructed during 1997. The water stored in the reservoir is used for energy generation during the monsoon season by adopting a suitable reservoir operational schedule so that the water diverted from the diversion canal is not spilled out.

 Structural details

The dam built across the Idamalayar River is a gravity concrete structure with a total height of 102.80 metres (337.3 ft) above the deepest foundation level with a length of 373 metres (1,224 ft) at the crest level. The full reservoir level is elevation 169 metres (554 ft) and the minimum draw down mevel (MDDL) is 115 metres (377 ft). The dam has created a reservoir with a water spread of 28.3 km² (10.9 sq mi). The reservoir has a gross storage capacity of 1,089.0 million cubic metres of which the effective storage is 1,017.8 million cubic metres. The spillway has been designed to pass a design flood discharge of 3,012.8 cubic metres per second (106,400 cu ft/s).
The storage in the reservoir created behind the high concrete gravity dam is utilized for power generation by diversion through a water conductor system comprising a 1,700 metres (5,600 ft) long power tunnel, surge shaft and two lines of penstocks connected to the turbines installed in a surface power station for generation of 75 MW of power with two units of 35 MW capacity each.
Instrumentation is provided in the Idamalayar Dam and the observations carried out are analysed regularly to monitor the safety of the structure. However, a rehabilitation project envisaging improving the safety and operational performance of selected structures such as dams, barrages and regulators, which covers 19 projects under the Irrigation Department and 12 projects of the Kerala State Electricity Board, has been approved under the World Bank funded "Dam Rehabilitation and Improvement Project (DRIP)" to be implemented from January 2011. Idamalayar Dam is one of the projects included in this programme. However, the rehabilitation work on this dam is proposed to be taken up in the second stage.

 Irrigation benefits

Irrigation benefits from the water stored in the Idamalayar Reservoir are proposed by utilizing the tail-race water released from the Idamalayar Power house. For this purpose, the project titled "The Idamalayar Irrigation Project" is under implementation. Under this project, the tail race discharge from the Idamalayar powerhouse is picked up at the barrage constructed across the Periyar River at Bhoothathankettu and diverted through a canal system on the right bank of the barrage. The irrigation benefits envisaged covers an area of 14,394 hectares (35,570 acres) of wet and dry agricultural lands, out of which the cultivable command area is 13,209 hectares (32,640 acres). The project is under implementation since 1981. The cost of the project was initially Rs 18.5 crores (about US$ 411.11 million), which as per latest reports of 2007 is stated to be Rs.539.50 crores (US$ 1198.9 million). According to the Annual Plan 2010–2011 of the State Government, substantial work of the main canal, the low level canal and the link canal still needs to be completed to derive full planned benefits of irrigation.
Apart from power and irrigation benefits, the project situated in scenic forest area also provides recreational benefits of boating in the reservoir, bird watching and trekking.

 Construction delays

The Idamalayar Dam project was started in 1970 and completed after 17 years. In an analysis carried out in 2001 on the reasons for the delay in completion of Hydropower Projects resulting in immense cost overruns in Kerala, it was noted that the Idamalayar project could be commissioned only in 1987 with a time overrun of 9 years and consequent cost over run of 285% resulting in a capital cost of Rs 2.81 per kWh of generation. While technical reasons for the delays were fully documented, the delay highlighted, however, was attributed to the "irrational behaviour of the organized militant labour". A High Level Committee set up by the Government of Kerala, which examined this issue, observed that the Idamalayar Dam project has been the "victim of recurring and long inertial periods of labour unrest".


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Official name	Idamalayar Dam
Country	India
Location	Ernakulam District, Kerala
Coordinates	10°13′18″N 76°42′21″E / 10.22167°N 76.70583°E / 10.22167; 76.70583Coordinates: 10°13′18″N 76°42′21″E / 10.22167°N 76.70583°E / 10.22167; 76.70583
Construction began	1970
Opening date	1985
Construction cost	Rs.539.50 crores (US$ 1.199 billion)
Owner(s)	Kerala State Electricity Board
Dam and spillways
Height	102.80 metres (337.3 ft)
Length	373 metres (1,224 ft)
Impounds	Edamalayar/Periyar river
Reservoir
Creates	Idamalayar Reservoir
Capacity	1.0898 cubic kilometres (0.2615 cu mi)
Catchment area	381 km2 (147 sq mi)
Surface area	28.3 km2 (10.9 sq mi)
Power station
Operator(s)	Kerala State Electricity Board
Type	gravity dam
Turbines	2 @ 37.5 MW
Installed capacity	75 MW
Capacity factor	0.58
Annual generation	380 GW·h

Chimmony Dam

Chimmony Dam

Banasura Sagar Dam

   Banasura Sagar Dam, which impounds the Karamanathodu tributary of the Kabini River, is part of the Indian Banasurasagar Project consisting of a dam and a canal project started in 1979. The goal of the project is to support the Kakkayam Hydro electric power project and satisfy the demand for irrigation and drinking water in a region known to have water shortages in seasonal dry periods.
The Banasura Sagar Dam is located 21 km from Kalpetta, in Wayanad District of Kerala in the Western Ghats. It is the largest earthen dam in India and the second largest in Asia and an ideal starting point for hikes into the surrounding scenic mountains. It is an important tourist attraction.
In the dam's reservoir there is a set of islands that were formed when the reservoir submerged the surrounding areas. The islands with the Banasura hills in the background provide a spectacular view. The dam has now become a major tourist attraction of wayanad. Boating facility at the dam will help you travel between small islands in speed boats. A small children's park is also present at the dam






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Banasura Sagar Dam
Location	Wayanad, Kerala, India
Coordinates	11°40′12″N 75°57′28″E / 11.67°N 75.95778°E / 11.67; 75.95778
Dam and spillways
Impounds	Tributary of the Kabini River
Capacity: tmc ft. Current status Banasurasagar Project is complete and has been commissioned.